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Our extreme and growing energy consumption, based on fossil fuels, has significantly increased the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which may lead to global and irreversible climate changes. We have plenty of renewable energy, e.g., sun and wind, but the fluctuations over time and geography call for a range of new ideas and, possibly, novel technologies. The most difficult challenge appears to be the development of the efficient and reliable storage of renewable energy. Hydrogen has long been considered as a potential means of energy storage; however, storage of hydrogen is also challenging. Therefore, a wide range of hydrogen-containing materials, with energy-related functions, has been discovered over the past few decades. The chemistry of hydrogen is very diverse, and so also are the new hydrides that have been discovered, not only in terms of structure and composition but also in terms of their properties. This has led to a wide range of new possible applications of metal hydrides that permeate beyond solid-state hydrogen storage. A variety of new hydrides, proposed as battery materials, has been discovered. These can exploit properties as fast ion conductors or as conversion-type electrodes with much higher potential energy capacities, compared to materials currently used in commercial batteries. Solar heat storage is also an area of great potential for metal hydrides, in principle offering orders of magnitude better storage performance than phase change materials. Recently, hydrides with optical and superconducting properties have also been investigated. This Special Issue of Inorganics, entitled "Functional Materials Based on Metal Hydrides", is dedicated to the full range of emerging electronic, photonic, and energy-related, inorganic, hydrogen-containing materials.

Metal hydrides.

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Metals such as copper, iron, manganese, and zinc are clearly required for proper metabolism and development, while imbalances can lead to systemic dysfunction and disease. As a result, organisms have evolved complex genetic systems for the regulation of metal levels, including import, export, and sequestration of metals within cells and sub-cellular compartments.

The study of metal biology in insects has the potential to greatly expand our understanding of metal biology. The results of such studies might point to new possible therapeutic interventions for neurological and other human diseases, as well as new strategies for insect disease vector control.

The articles collected in this Research Topic comprise review and original research on metal biology in insects.

metal biology --- metal homeostasis --- detoxification --- insects

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Chemical industries are based on catalytic processes as both bulk and fine chemicals are often produced with heterogeneous catalysts. Transition metal ions dispersed on high-surface area inorganic solids are very important catalysts and a full characterization of these materials requires a profound knowledge of the oxidation state, coordination environment and dispersion of the metal ions on the catalyst surface. Such information can only be obtained by using a combination of complementary spectroscopic techniques. 'Spectroscopy of Transition metal ions on Surfaces' serves as an introduction to some of the most important spectroscopic techniques nowadays used for studying the chemistry and catalytic properties of transition metal ions on surfaces. The basic principles and the strengths and weaknesses of continuous wave electron spin resonance, pulsed electron spin resonance, solid state nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are critically reviewed by internationally recognized experts. This gives the reader a solid background for judging literature results and for planning and conducting his/her own experiments. Each chapter closes with several relevant examples mainly from the recent literature. In addition, the use of in situ techniques and chemometrical techniques has been included because of its growing importance in catalyst characterization. As a consequence, the book has been written as a text not only for graduate students, but also for anyone else who is new in the field and wants a recent update. The following scientists have contributed to this textbook: Br.

Transition metal catalysts.

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Various types of casting processes have been developed to manufacture good-quality castings. Different casting processes produce different casting properties and microstructures in castings. This book examines various types of casting processes as well as their properties and applications. Over six chapters in four sections, this volume discusses semi-solid casting and squeeze casting processes, the flowability of sand mixtures and liquid metal flow in mold cavities, gravity die casting, and cast iron technology.

Metal castings. --- Founding.

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Avec la construction de centrales nucléaires dans plusieurs pays et des projets de construction additionnels pour répondre à la demande croissante d’électricité, les ressources en uranium, sa production et la demande y afférentes suscitent toujours un intérêt notable. Au vu de l’augmentation projetée de la demande d’uranium et de la diminution des stocks, l’industrie de l’uranium, premier maillon critique dans la chaîne d'approvisionnement en combustible pour les réacteurs nucléaires, accroît sa production, et des projets de capacités supplémentaires sont prévus dans un futur proche. Cependant, des conditions de marché fortes seront nécessaires pour déclencher les investissements requis pour satisfaire la demande projetée Le « Livre rouge », préparé conjointement par l’Agence de l’OCDE pour l'énergie nucléaire et l’Agence internationale de l’énergie atomique, est un ouvrage de référence de notoriété mondiale. Il se fonde sur des données officielles communiquées par 40 pays, dont les principaux producteurs et consommateurs d’uranium. Cette 23e édition présente les résultats d’un examen approfondi de l’offre et de la demande mondiale d’uranium au 1er janvier 2009, ainsi que des données sur l’exploration mondiale de l’uranium, les ressources, la production et les besoins des réacteurs. Elle est enrichie de nombreuses informations nouvelles en provenance de tous les grands centres de production au niveau mondial, ainsi que des pays développant de tels centres pour la première fois. Des projections de la capacité de production nucléaire et les besoins en uranium des centrales jusqu’en 2035 sont également présentées ainsi qu'une analyse des questions relatives à l'offre et à la demande d'uranium à long terme.

Uranium industry. --- Nonferrous metal industries